Biomedical Applications of Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) Nanoparticles

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as versatile and promising materials in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high stability, biocompatibility, photocatalytic activity, and tunable surface chemistry. This review explores their broad spectrum of applications in the biomedical field, emphasizing their role in drug delivery, cancer therapy, antimicrobial coatings, and biosensing. TiO₂ NPs demonstrate significant potential in targeted drug delivery systems due to their ability to conjugate with bioactive molecules, enabling controlled and site-specific therapeutic release. Their photocatalytic properties make them suitable for photodynamic and photothermal therapies, providing effective, minimally invasive treatments for cancer. Furthermore, TiO₂ NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, offering innovative solutions for infection control in medical devices and implants. Recent advancements in TiO₂-based biosensors have facilitated the sensitive and rapid detection of biomarkers, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Despite their promising applications, challenges such as potential toxicity and long-term biocompatibility must be addressed through rigorous research and development. This paper highlights the current progress and future perspectives of TiO₂ nanoparticles, underscoring their transformative potential in advancing biomedical technologies.